Indian paintings

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INDIAN PAINTINGS

Paintings are basically two types:

1-Murals: large scale paintings generally attached to the floor of palaces and caves.

2-Miniatures: small scale which is done on mainly cloth or paper. 

Can be categorized into seven special groups:

  • Madhubani painting
  • Rajasthani painting
  • Tanjore painting
  • Mughal painting
  • Bengal style of art
  • Patta Chitra 
  • Warli art

MADHUBANI PAINTING


  • Also known as Mithila painting. Originated in Madhubani village in Bihar.
  • According to mythology, this tradition commenced when Janakraj, father of rani Sita asked his painters to paint the moments of the marriage ceremony of Sita with Lord Rama.
  • Traditionally done by Madhubani‘s women on mud walls later started on cloth, canvas, and handmade papers. 
  • It also, depict other Hindu devotional stories. Natural objects like moon, sun, tulsi, etc are also found as themes. 
  • No empty space is left, gaps are filled by different geometrical motifs, floral, animals, and bird pictures. Done with twigs, brushes, fingers, matchsticks, and nib pens using natural dyes and colors. Eye-catching geometrical patterns.
  • Madhubani art has five distinctive: Bharni, Katchni, Tantrik, Godna, and Kohbar
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RAJASTHANI PAINTINGS





  • Rajasthan paintings are also known as Rajput painting, developed and flourished in the Rajputana court of northern Indian, mainly during the 17th and 18th centuries.
  • The most important themes are from the life of Lord Krishna, great epics from Ramayan and Mahabharat, Land escapes, and human beings.
  • The colors used in Rajput painting were extracted from minerals, plant sources, conch shells, beetle wings, and sometimes even precious stones. Gold and silver were also used.
  • The Rajput courts develop distinctive styles of miniature painting, combining indigenous as well as foreign influences such as Mughal, Persian, Chinese, European.

It consists of four principal schools: 
  • The Mewar school that contains the Chavand, Nathdwara, Devgarh, Udaipur, and Sawar styles of painting
  • The Marwar school comprising the Kishangarh, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, and Ghanerao styles of paintings
  • The Hadoti school with the Kota, Bundi, and Jhalwar styles of painting
  • The Dhundar school of Amber, Jaipur, Shekhawati, and Uniara styles of paintings.
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MUGHAL PAINTINGS





  • Exclusive combination of Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles.
  • Evolved as well as developed during the rule of Mughal Emperors in India, between 16th to 19th century.
  • Themes like battles, court scenes, receptions, legendary stories, hunting scenes, wildlife, portraits, etc. are used.
  • Developed when Humayun returned to India from exile, and brought great Persian artists; Abd-us-samad and Mir-Sayyid Ali.
  • The most famous example of the Mughal style of art is the Tutinama Painting; `Tales of a Parrot`, which is presently in the Cleveland Museum of Art.
  • Under Akbar, it experienced growth on a large scale. Since Akbar was interested in tales, the paintings were based on Ramayana, Mahabharata and Persian epics.
  • Under Jahangir, it saw more and more refinement in brushwork, along with the use of much lighter and subdued colors. The main themes of the Mughal paintings revolved around the events from Jahangir's own life, along with portraits, birds, flowers, animals, etc.
  • One of the most popular examples of Mughal paintings of this time includes the pictorial illustrations of the Jehangir-nama, the biography of Emperor Jahangir.
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BENGAL STYLE OF ART 




  • Flourished during the British Raj in the early 20th century.
  • Was associated with Indian nationalism, but also promoted by many British arts administrators.
  • Started in reaction reacting against the academic art styles previously promoted in India, by Indian artists such as Raja Ravi Varma and in British art schools.
  • Due to the influence of Indian spiritual ideas in the West, the British art teacher Ernest Binfield Havell encouraged students to imitate Mughal miniatures.
  • This led to a strike by students and complaints from the local press, including from nationalists who considered it to be a retrogressive move.
  • Havell was supported by the artist Abanindranath Tagore.
  • Tagore's best-known painting, Bharat Mata (Mother India), depicted a young woman, portrayed with four arms in the manner of Hindu deities, holding objects symbolic of India's national aspirations.
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TANJORE PAINTING




  • Originated from Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu around the 16th century.
  • Widely popular as a home décor item. 
  • A unique art-form where precious stones and gold foils were used.
  • Initially used to depict Hindu Gods and Goddesses in grandeur.
  • Figures are large and the faces are round and divine. Lace or thread is also used to decorate the jewelry.
  • A mixture called "muk" is prepared using chalk powder and African gum in a ratio of 2:1 and applied in places around the stones and other areas to give an embossed look.
  • Most of the paintings would depict the Child Krishna and his various pranks, paintings of other deities were also created.
  • Changing with time - for example, the figures are no longer round.
  • Presiding deities of various famous temples are also being depicted in the paintings. 
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WARLI ART



  • Warli is the name of a tribe, which resides in Thane district of Maharashtra on the northern outskirts of Mumbai and extends up to the Gujarat border.
  • This art was eventually discovered in the early seventies, and became popular for its unique simplicity and fervor for life.
  • Helical shapes of men and women and concentric circular designs in Warli Paintings are symbols of the circle of life.
  • The harmony and balance portrayed is thought to mean the harmony and balance of the universe of discourse.
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PATTA CHITRA



  • Traditional painting of Orissa, India.
  • Based on Hindu Mythology and inspired by Jagannath and Vaishnava cult.
  • Natural colors are used in a fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Oriya Painter 
  • Is painted on canvas (Patta). Carefully done craftsmanship, rich colors, unique designs & creative motifs, & simple themes, which are chiefly mythological in origin on canvas.
  • Paintings on the cave walls of Khandagiri and Udayagiri, Konark temple, and many other temples in Orissa.
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PAHARI



  • Developed and flourished during the 17th-19th centuries stretching from Jammu to Almora and Garhwal, in the sub-Himalayan India, through Himachal Pradesh, and each creating stark variations within the genre, ranging from bold intense Basohli Painting, originating from Basohli in Jammu and Kashmir to the delicate and lyrical Kangra paintings, which became synonymous with the style before other schools of paintings developed, which reached its pinnacle with paintings of Radha and Krishna, inspired by Jayadev's Gita Govinda.
  • Gave birth to a new idiom in Indian painting, and grew out of the Mughal painting.
  • Though this was patronized mostly by the Rajput kings who ruled many parts of the region. 
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